If they are real diamonds, it means we are winning.” TB control strategies need to take into account reinfection as an important cause of recurrent TB.Two days of strenuous digging had yielded four stones for Molefe, 41, who conceded that he had no clue whether they were actually diamonds. HIV-infected gold miners, particularly those who are more immunosuppressed, are at higher risk of TB recurrence. IS6110 genotyping was available on both the initial and subsequent isolate for 16/42 (38%, 14 HIV-infected) patients with culture-positive recurrence, and showed reinfection in 11 (69%). Among HIV-infected patients, the risk of culture-positive recurrence was higher with decreasing CD4 count (compared with CD4 500 were 0.40 and 0.14, respectively, Ptrend = 0.01). The culture positive recurrence rate was 5.79/100 py, and was higher in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients (8.86/100 py in HIV-infected vs. insertion sequence (IS) 6110 probe.Īmong 609 patients, 57 experienced recurrence during a median follow-up period of 1.02 years, corresponding to a recurrence rate of 7.89 per 100 person-years (py).
To investigate incidence and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) recurrence and the relative contribution of reinfection and relapse to recurrence.Įmployees cured of a first episode of culture-positive TB were followed up for recurrence, which was classified as reinfection or relapse by restriction fragment length polymorphism using an. Labour time, a concept defined at the outset of this article, is asserted as the missing explanatory variable necessary for understanding the developmental trajectory of mining in South Africa, both historically and in the contemporary period. This view challenges the received wisdom that the exploitation of mine labour is chiefly accounted for in terms of cheap wages for black mineworkers.
The reason is that the retention of labour in production underground is foundational to and of greater explanatory import in understanding the role of the mining industry than its acquisition. It is argued here that because labour time has been ignored in scholarly historical analyses, there is no explanation why long working hours are required in mining. At this point the labour contract aligns with the annual cycle of industrial working time. It does so by very briefly summarising detailed narratives of both working hours (which remain remarkably stable) since 1911 and the length of the migrant labour contract (which progressively lengthens) until the collapse of the controls of the migrant labour supply system in the. This article alludes to historical evidence that traces working time arrangements in South African mining since 1886.
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The experiences of the Free State have wider relevance for other areas in which economic restructuring and job creation are key priorities. However, the magnitude of the crisis and the limited success of development initiatives suggest that much more significant and better coordinated interventions will be needed from a range of community-based and business institutions, together with support from provincial and national governments. This article examines the crisis faced by Matjhabeng and the Free State goldfields, and evaluates local economic development initiatives that have been introduced to provide employment and diversify the local economy. The downsizing and closure of many gold mines has had serious economic and social effects on businesses, communities and individuals. The situation is particularly serious in the Free State goldfields, which are centred upon Matjhabeng municipality and the city of Welkom. In recent years gold production has contracted, leading to widespread redundancies among mineworkers. Gold mining has played a vital role in the growth of South Africa's economy and the creation of major industrial and business centres such as Johannesburg.
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